In 1199 Pope Innocent III began the practice of proclaiming political crusades against Christian heretics. From 1147 campaigns in Northern Europe against pagan tribes were considered crusades. Proclaimed a crusade in 1123, the struggle between the Christians and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula was called the Reconquista by Christians, and only ended in 1492 with the fall of the Muslim Emirate of Granada.
After this, there were no further crusades to recover the Holy Land. The Crusader presence remained in the region in some form until the fall of Acre in 1291. Initial successes established four Crusader states: the County of Edessa the Principality of Antioch the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the County of Tripoli. Later crusades were generally conducted by more organized armies, sometimes led by a king. The first Crusaders had a variety of motivations, including religious salvation, satisfying feudal obligations, opportunities for renown, and economic or political advantage. Across all social strata in western Europe, there was an enthusiastic popular response. He encouraged military support for Byzantine emperor Alexios I against the Seljuk Turks and called for an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem. In 1095, Pope Urban II proclaimed the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont. Beginning with the First Crusade which resulted in the recovery of Jerusalem in 1099, dozens of Crusades were fought, providing a focal point of European history for centuries. Unsanctioned by the church, Popular Crusades of ordinary citizens were also frequent. Through the 15th century, other church-sanctioned crusades were fought against heretical Christian sects, against the Byzantine and Ottoman empires, to combat paganism and heresy, and for political reasons. Concurrent military activities in the Iberian Peninsula against the Moors (the Reconquista) and in northern Europe against pagan Slavic tribes (the Northern Crusades) also became known as crusades. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 10 that were intended to recover Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Islamic rule. The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period.
Crusades against heretics and schismatics
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